急……求blueberry 的英文介绍
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发布时间：2022-04-19 09:51
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时间：2023-08-23 19:40
1
Latin name: Semen Trigonellae
English name: Blueberry
Division belong to classification: Azalea division (Ericaceae) cowberry is belonged to (Vaccinium Spp. Azalea division (Ericaceae) cowberry is belonged to (Vaccinium Spp..
Procing area distributings
The cowberry that the whole world distributings belongs to a plant to be able to amount to more than kinds 400. La Mei's name originates English Blueberry, meaning the meaning of the bacca that is blue. Be proced formerly and advocate originate in the United States to be called again American La Mei.
Configuration feature
Blue berry fructification weighs 0.5 ～ 2.5g on average, the biggest heavy 5g, beauty of fructification colour and lustre, pleasing to the eye, blue and by pink of fruit of a white, pulp is exquisite, seminal minimum, can feed rate for 100% , sweet acid is dainty, and have the sweet smell with sweet delightful bright, feed beautiful to taste for delicacy.
Nutrient composition
Outside the besides convention candy in blue berry fructification, acid and Vc, contain a lot ofthe mine such as fiber of glucoside of VE, VA, VB, SOD, ursine Guo Gan, protein, cyanine, edible and rich K, Fe, Zn, Ca qualitative element. According to the La Mei to 14 variety that introce from
the United States fructification analysis determines, content of pigment of glucoside of the cyanine in fresh fruit of blue berry of every 100 grams is as high as 163mg, protein 400-700 milligram, adipose 500-600 milligram, carbohydrate 12.3-15.3 milligram, vitamin A is as high as unit of international of microgramme of E 2.7-9.5 of 81-100 international unit, vitamin, SOD5.39, vitamin prep above is other fruit. Microelement is very tall also, every overcome microgramme of 220-920 of the calcium in Xian Guo, phosphorous 98-274 microgramme, magnesian 114-249 microgramme, zincic 2.1-4.3 microgramme, iron 7.6-30.0 microgramme, germanium 0.8-1.2 microgramme, cupreous 2.0-3.2 microgramme.
Because substantial nutrient part is contained in blue berry fructification, the fruit of nutrient health care that belongs to tall amino acid, Gao Xin, tall calcium, Gao Tie, Gao Tong, tall vitamin. It has effect of favorable nutrient health care not only, still have prevent blood-vessel of the cranial nerve ageing, strong heart, bate that fight cancer, enhance man-machine body immunity to wait for a function.
Grow characteristics
Of La Mei help advance somebody's career sort has 3 kinds big, namely berry of Gao Congla berry, short Cong La and hare eye blue berry. Among them Gao Congla berry divides the Gaocong that it is north again La Mei, Na Gaocong La Mei and blue berry of half fast crowd 3 kinds. Short clump blue berry and blue berry of half fast crowd are in area of temperate zone chill to cultivate aptly, la Mei of boreal fast crowd and blue berry of a few half fast crowd are cultivated in area of warm temperate zone aptly, hare eye blue berry and Na Gaocong blue berry are in semi-tropical area to cultivate aptly.
Sanitarian action
La Mei can defer memory decline and the happening that prevent heart disease, because this is regarded as super fruit by people. Press of American daily health, the closest research adds the United States again for super fruit again praise, eat La Mei more or drink conce of blue berry juice to prevent the happening of colonic cancer.
Consider to discover, because one kind is contained to call red sandalwood the natural compound of Qi in La Mei and other fruit,La Mei can have this kind of effect is, this conces to prevent cancer early days to be caused to the body damage. Red sandalwood Qi is He Kangyan of a kind of antioxidant agent, exist in La Mei and blackberry.
American Ohio university discovers, the odds that eats the animal of coarse berry bacca to proce colonic cancer was reced 80% , the odds that has enteron tumor was reced 60% ; Discovery of German investigation personnel is drunk everyday 2, 3 cups of cider also can prevent colonic cancer. But people should not depend on a kind of any food to prevent colonic cancer, must balance prandial, many sided complement contains a lot ofthe fruit of antioxidant and vegetable.
Breed is bred
La Mei is bush, every clump is e result branch 25-30, blossom and bear fruit the 2nd year, but crop is lesser, have proper yield the 3rd year, enter high yield period the 5th year, its life 50 years, 3-6 of output of average sheet plant kilogram, average sheet weighs 2 grams if really, general 300 indivial plant control every mus of field planting, average yield 1500-2000 kilogram.
Blue berry adaptability is strong, be fond of acidity soil, value of PH of general requirement soil is 4.5-5.5; Edaphic Ying Song is soft, organic qualitative content is 8%-12% commonly, happy event is wet, sex of fight a drought is poor. Its advocate grow breed to have Gao Congla berry, indivial plant is 2 meters or so expensive, can resist - 25- - the low temperature of 30 ℃ , general every mus are worth 330 indivial plant surely; Half Gao Congla berry, rice of indivial plant tall 1.0-1.2, can resist - 35- - the low temperature of 38 ℃ , general every mus of field planting 330 indivial plant; Berry of short Cong La, indivial plant is 0.5 meters expensive, can resist - the low temperature of 40 ℃ above, general every mus of 500-800 indivial plant that is worth surely, agree with frigid zone helps advance somebody's career. Technology of blue berry grow seedlings can use root Nie breed, root progenitive, cuttage breed and constituent ecation are progenitive.
Cause blue berry disease have fungus disease, bacterium venereal kill and wireworm. Our country helps advance somebody's career for new introce a fine variety area, the happening of plant diseases and insect pests is less.
Blue berry fructification is berry model, be able to bear or enre lay aside sex is stronger, indoors below condition of L8-26 ℃ normal temperature, use Xiaobao to install (snack box) Xian Guo can save 2 weeks not to change original local color, if microtherm saves his to last period meeting is longer, the deposit that enrage tone can amount to 3 months left and right sides.
Commercial foreground
To 20 centuries 80 time end, american La Mei helps
advance somebody's career the area is close already 200 thousand hectare, formed collect blue berry to help advance somebody's career, fructification stores up treatment and market sell the property of giant La Mei at an organic whole. Blue berry proction of the United States supplies homeland not only, and export goes to Taiwan of Canada, Japan, China and Europe to wait for a country. Blue berry delicacy is if really on the international market price is high, price of every 500 grams is 10 dollars left and right sides, xian Guo buys the price to be dollar of 4-5 of every 500 grams in great quantities. Current, the whole world has nearly 20 countries and area to begin blue berry instrialization to help advance somebody's career, market size is large, be in demand exceeds supply condition.
The blue berry assortment of our country basically originates the United States and Japan, the variety that already introced each district of north and south of appropriate our country to cultivate now 100 many, suit to be in the whole nation helps advance somebody's career below each climate condition. Among them berry of short Cong La is comfortable at be in our country northeast area is cultivated, north Gao Congla berry and half Gao Congla berry is in our country aptly northeast with south with the Yangtse River with ground of Beijing University part. Of our country blue berry grow area capacious, the application that adds protective ground to help advance somebody's career was offerred to build anniversary proction of La Mei to supply assure. Because earth of an ancient name for China is ascended at the beginning of La Mei, the whole nation cultivates an area to be not worth 10 thousand mus. Can forecast: Help advance somebody's career blue berry of 1 mu of ground, crop presses 1500 kilograms of computation, market minimum price (Xian Guo) it is every kilograms 20 yuan, every mus but income 30 thousand yuan, its economic benefits is very remarkable, be the masses breed such as apple, peach 20 multiple. Cultivate La Mei to be sure to become our country a kind burgeoning become rich quickly instry.
2
Sue Gray has worked the past 19 years serving the commercial and home garden sectors of Tulsa County. She has also worked as a technician in fruit, vegetable and pecan research and as a horticulturist for the Maryland Cooperative Extension Service. Sue has a BS in horticulture from OSU and a MS in horticulture from the University of Maryland.
Blueberries are an excellent choice for fresh market fruit proction in Northeast Oklahoma and Arkansas. They are in high demand by consumers, are not as perishable as other berries and have few insect or disease problems. They are the only fruit that can be grown organically with a reasonable profit.
Arkansas currently has 450 acres in blueberry proction, 80% is sold as fresh market fruit and 85% of the crop is hand harvested. It represents less than 1% of US proction. The leading blueberry growing areas are Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina/Georgia and the Pacific Northwest.
Success in growing blueberries relies on understanding the nature of the plant. It is a member of the Ericaceae or Heath family. Other members of this plant family are azaleas, rhododendrons, and cranberries. These plants all share the following cultural requirements with no room for "bending the rules": They must have an acid soil that is well-drained, but contains high levels of organic matter. They must be heavily mulched to insulate the fine, fibrous roots from temperature fluctuations and to conserve moisture. Drip irrigation is essential.
Southern Highbush
Vaccinium corymbosum
There are many species of blueberries in the U.S., as they are native to North America. The three most commonly grown species for this area are: Northern Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), Southern Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum x V. spp.) and Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei).
While all three types will grow in both Arkansas and Oklahoma, the Northern Highbush is best adapted north of Interstate 40, the Southern Highbush will grow in all parts of both states and the Rabbiteye will grow best in the southern areas of these states. All three types grow well at the University of Arkansas Fruit Research Station in Clarksville.
Commercial blueberry plantings need not be large. A one acre planting contains up to 1,000 plants and can support hundreds of customers. A five acre planting would be considered very large for fresh market sales. One person, with a bit of help at harvest time, can manage a one acre planting as a part time endeavor. Larger plantings will require more labor, time and the hiring of extra help or family members.
Marketing of fresh blueberries can be done by way of roadside stands, pick-your-own sales or at farmers markets. Expect to begin selling blueberries the third summer after planting.
Yields will be between 400 and 800 pounds per acre the third year, increasing to several thousand pounds per acre as proction increases each year.
A site for blueberries should be selected based on soil type and drainage. It should also be in full sun. An ideal soil should be a sandy loam that is well-drained. Heavier soils will require raised beds or rows and the addition of much more organic matter.
Planting blueberries should never be done without careful soil preparation and planning. Good growers know that they must spend a season getting their land ready before planting. This means controlling perennial weeds, such as Bermuda grass, Johnsongrass and other competitors. Soil must be tested and adjusted to a pH of between 4.4 and 5.0. Soil testing will also indicate the needed Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium levels required for blueberries. Organic matter levels must also be high. Blueberries grow best in soils that are a minimum of 3% organic matter. This extra test can be requested from University soil testing laboratories. Many farmers plant green manure crops leading up to planting blueberries to control weeds and add increase soil organic matter levels.
Very finely ground sulfur is used to acidify soil for blueberries. This should be added according to soil test recommendations at least six months before planting. It takes time for the soil matrix to chemically react with the sulfur and effectively change the pH to acid conditions.
Blueberries growing in soils with a less acid pH (above 5.5) will show signs of iron chlorosis..foliage will be yellow with green veins. The iron is chemically bound to soil particles when pH is too high, making it unavailable to the plant.
Blueberries are normally fertilized with ammonium sulfate {(21-0-0) + 18% sulfur}. It is added to soil each growing season in split applications to maintain growth. Organic growers use fish waste, compost and other organic materials to stimulate growth. Foliar sprays of fish emulsion plus liquid seaweed have been effective fertilizers on organic plantings.
Quality irrigation water is essential for blueberries. Have water tested for "irrigation use" by your state university soil and water testing lab. Blueberries are highly sensitive to elevated levels of chlorides, sodium and boron. Well water that contains high levels of any of these elements is not suitable for watering blueberries. Some growers use pond water, but it must have a al filter system to keep particulate matter out of drip irrigation emitters.
Water pH is also important. Water with a pH above 7.0 may need a small acid injection pump to acidify the water being applied to blueberries.
Planting blueberries can be done in fall or later winter. Most growers order two year old container-grown plants. The advantage is a large root mass that can get better established on new sites. Rooted cuttings, though cheaper, should not be planted directly. They should instead be grown in a small nursery area for a year, then transplanted to the field.
Plant at least two cultivars of each type of blueberry. For example, if growing northern highbush blueberries, select two cultivars, such as `Bluecrop' or `Toro' to insure cross pollination, larger fruit set and a dependable crop. Honeybees, bumblebees and wild pollinators all serve to pollinate blueberry flowers.
Set plants five feet apart in rows that are ten to twelve feet apart. Plant a low- maintenance, non-creeping grass, such a tall fescue, between rows.
Set plants at the same level in which they grew in the nursery, working into the soil one gallon of pre-moistened peat moss per plant. Mulch with at least five to six inches of pine or hardwood mulch. Sawst may be used, but should be mixed with the chips to prevent crusting. Repeat mulch applications yearly.
Remove blueberry flowers the first two years they are growing. This puts all the plant's energy into getting established in the field. Failure to remove flowers will result in a pre- mature fruit crop, greatly shortening the life of the fruit planting.
In the third year, plants will flower in early spring with a crop following in two to three months. Harvest is generally in early to mid-June in our area. Birds can remove up to one third of a blueberry crop. Growers and researchers have found that one-inch wide holographic bird-scare tape is very effective. Place tape in the planting BEFORE fruit is ripe. It's much harder to eliminate a bird problem once it begins.
Pick berries into one pint containers when they are dark blue with a light grey, waxy bloom on fruit. Get them to a shady place as soon as possible. Blueberries will stay fresh up to two weeks at 34 degrees F. and high humidity. Most small growers either sell their crop in the field to customers or hold a small amount for market sales. They have found that moving the pint containers to an air conditioned area with a fan nearby to move the field heat out of fruit will help keep them fresh for a few days.
County Extension ecators can assist growers with any disease insect problems that might arise. Such problems are not common in this area. Weeds are another matter. Make sure weeds are controlled correctly right from the beginning. Both Oklahoma and Arkansas have resource materials available on herbicides labeled for use in blueberries.
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http://www.gardenology.org/wiki/Blueberry
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时间：2023-08-23 19:40
Blueberries are flowering plants of the genus Vaccinium with dark-blue, -purple or black berries. Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as "blueberries" and are mainly native to North America[1]. They are usually erect but sometimes prostrate shrubs varying in size from 10 cm tall to 4 m tall. In commercial blueberry proction, smaller species are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), and the larger species as "highbush blueberries". The leaves can be either decious or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and from 1–8 cm long and 0.5–3.5 cm broad. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish.
The fruit is a false berry 5–16 mm diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally blue on ripening. They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit from May through June though fruiting times are affected by local conditions such as altitude and latitude.
The genus Vaccinium has a circumpolar distribution with species in North America, Europe and Asia.
Origins：
Many commercially sold species whose English common names include "blueberry" are currently classified in section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium and come predominantly from North America. Several other plants of the genus Vaccinium also proce blue berries such as the predominantly European bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), which in many languages has a name that means "blueberry" in English. See the Identification section for more information.
Many North American native species of blueberries are now also commercially grown in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American countries.
Species
* Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush Blueberry)
* Vaccinium boreale (Northern Blueberry)
* Vaccinium caesariense (New Jersey Blueberry)
* Vaccinium corymbosum (Northern Highbush Blueberry)
* Vaccinium darrowii (Southern Highbush Blueberry)
* Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott Blueberry)
* Vaccinium formosum (southern blueberry)
* Vaccinium fuscatum (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum)
* Vaccinium hirsutum (Hairy-fruited Blueberry)
* Vaccinium myrtilloides (Canadian Blueberry)
* Vaccinium pallim (Dryland Blueberry)
* Vaccinium simulatum (Upland Highbush Blueberry)
* Vaccinium tenellum (Southern Blueberry)
* Vaccinium virgatum (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei)
Some other blue-fruited species of Vaccinium:
* Vaccinium koreanum
* Vaccinium myrsinites (Evergreen Blueberry)
* Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)
Identification：
Commercially offered "wild blueberries" are usually from species that naturally occur only in eastern and north-central North America. Other sections in the genus, native to other parts of the world including western North America, Europe, and Asia, include other wild shrubs procing similar-looking edible berries such as huckleberries in (North America) and bilberries and cowberries (Europe). These species are sometimes called blueberries and sold as blueberry jam or other procts.
The names of blue berries in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e.g., Scots Blaeberry and Norwegian Blåbær. For example, Blåbær and French myrtilles usually refer to the European native bilberry, while bleuets refers to the North American blueberry.
Cyanococcus blueberries can be distinguished from the nearly identical looking bilberries by cutting them in half. Ripe blueberries have white or greenish flesh, while bilberries and huckleberries are colored purple throughout.
Cultivation
Blueberries may be cultivated, or they may be picked from semi-wild or wild bushes. In North America, the most common cultivated species is V. corymbosum, the Northern highbush blueberry. Hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as Southern highbush blueberries.
Blueberry flowers
So-called "wild" (lowbush) blueberries, smaller than cultivated highbush ones, are prized for their intense color. The lowbush blueberry, V. angustifolium, is found from the Atlantic provinces westward to Quebec and southward to Michigan and West Virginia. In some areas, it proces natural blueberry barrens, where it is the dominant species covering large areas. Several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries. Lowbush species are fire-tolerant and blueberry proction often increases following a forest fire as the plants regenerate rapidly and benefit from removal of competing vegetation. Wild has been adopted as a marketing term for harvests of managed native stands of low-bush blueberries. The bushes are not planted or genetically manipulated, but they are pruned or burned over every two years, and pests are "managed".[2]
There are numerous highbush cultivars of blueberries, each of which have a unique and diverse flavor. The most important blueberry breeding program has been the USDA-ARS breeding program based at Beltsville, Maryland, and Chatsworth, New Jersey. This program began when Frederick Coville of the USDA-ARS collaborated with Elizabeth Coleman White of New Jersey. In the early part of the 20th Century, White offered wild pickers cash for large-fruited blueberry plants. Rubel, one such wild blueberry cultivar, is the origin of many of the current hybrid cultivars.
Rabbiteye Blueberry (V. virgatum, syn. V. ashei) is a southern type of blueberry proced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states.
Other important species in North America include V. pallim, the Hillside or Dryland Blueberry. It is native to the eastern U.S., and common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast. Sparkleberry, V. arboreum, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the southeastern U.S. Its fruits are important to wildlife, and the flowers important to beekeepers.
Growing areas
Significant proction of highbush blueberries occurs in British Columbia, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, and Washington. The proction of southern highbush varieties in California is rapidly increasing, as varieties originating from the University of Florida and North Carolina State University have been introced. Southern highbush berries are now also cultivated in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, Southern Hemisphere countries and China.
[edit] United States
Maine proces 25% of all lowbush blueberries in North America, making it the largest procer in the world.[citation needed] Maine's 24,291 hectares (FAO figures, 60,023 acres) of blueberry were propagated from native plants that occur naturally in the understorey of its coastal forests.[citation needed] The Maine crop requires about 50,000 beehives for pollination, with most of the hives being trucked in from other states for that purpose.[citation needed] Many towns in Maine lay claim to being the blueberry capital[citation needed] and several festivals are centered around the blueberry. The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine and is often as much a symbol of Maine as the lobster. While Maine is the leader of lowbush blueberry proction in the United States, Michigan is the leader in highbush proction.[3] In 1998, Michigan farms proced 49 million pounds of blueberries, accounting for 32% of the small, round berries eaten in the United States.[4]
Significant acreages of highbush blueberries are cultivated in the southern states of Florida, Georgia and North Carolina.[5]
[edit] Canada
Canadian exports of blueberries in 2007 were $323 million, the largest fruit crop proced nationally, occupying more than half of all Canadian fruit acreage.[6] Among the most proctive growing regions in the world, British Columbia is the largest Canadian procer of highbush blueberries, yielding 63 million pounds (29 million kg) in 2004[7][8] and over $100 million in 2008 revenues.[6]
Quebec proces a large quantity of wild blueberries, especially in the regions of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (where a popular name for inhabitants of the regions is Bleuets, or "blueberries"), and Côte-Nord which together provide 40% of Quebec's total provincial proction. Due in part to declining frequency and intensity of spring frosts, Quebec's wild blueberry proction (27 million kg in 2008)[9] now rivals that of Maine, creating cross-border tensions on pricing and regional markets.[10]
Nova Scotia, the biggest procer of wild blueberries in Canada, recognizes the blueberry as its official provincial berry.[11] The town of Oxford is known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island are other Atlantic provinces with major wild blueberry farming.[12]
Atlantic Canada contributes approximately half of the total North American annual proction of 68 million kg of wild blueberries, a three-fold increase since the 1980s.[13] Gains in yield derived from improved field management, including better weed control, fertility management and irrigation methods, increased use of bees for pollination, and application of mechanical harvesters.
[edit] Europe
Highbush blueberries were first introced to Germany and the Netherlands in the 1930s and have since been spread to Poland, Italy, Hungary and other countries of Europe.[14]
"Many growers in France, Austria, and Italy realized too that it pays to cultivate highbush blueberries, and that good economic gain can be obtained," according to an instry researcher. "Even in Belgium and Norway, some very promising trials with special methods of blueberry cultivation resulted in a limited commercial proction which is very successful. …Except in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, a blueberry instry is developing in all regions where the proction is possible e to the climatic and edaphic conditions…"[14]
Northeastern part of Turkey is one of the main origins of Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and bog blueberry, bog whortleberry or bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). In this area, the little known wild blueberries called as different names like likapa, ligarba, kaskanaka, çela, morsvi, lifos, çalı çileği, ayı üzümü, çoban üzümü and so on. This region from Artvin to Kırklareli with some special land of Bursa (including Rize, Trabzon, Or, Giresun, Samsun, Sinop, and some special land of Kastamonu, Zonguldak, İstanbul, İzmit and Adapazari) has rainy, humid growing periods and natural acidic soils which suitable for blueberries (Çelik, 2005, 2006 and 2007). Native Vaccinium species and open pollinated types can grow natively over hundred years around the Black Sea Region of Turkey. These native blueberries consumes as jelly, dried or fresh fruits for local peoples in Turkey and especially by the settlers of Black Sea Region (Çelik, 2005). Those are not cultivated but wild berries grown naturally over the hils, platos and forests. On the other hand, highbush blueberry cultivation started around the year of 2000 along with Black Sea Region has natural acidic soil and high rainfall. The first commercial blueberry orchard established by Osman Nuri YILDIZ and supervised by Dr. Huseyin CELIK who is the founder of Turkish Blueberry Cultivation.[citation needed]
[edit] Southern hemisphere
In the Southern hemisphere, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia now export blueberries.
Blueberries were first introced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. In the early 1970s David Jones from the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S. and a selection trial was started. This work was continued by Ridley Bell, who imported more American varieties. In the mid-1970s the Australian Blueberry Growers Association (ABGA) was formed. (Clayton-Greene)
By the early 1980s, the blueberry instry was started in New Zealand and is still growing. (BNZ, n.d)
South Africa exports blueberries to Europe.
The instry is even newer in Argentina: "Argentine blueberry proction has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent," according to a 2005 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. But that increase comes from a tiny base of 400 hectares in 2001 (to 1,600 hectares in 2004). The instry is new in the country and farmers are still learning the business. "Argentine blueberry proction has thrived in three different regions: the province of Entre Rios in Northeastern Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires, near the country’s capital city Buenos Aires, and the southern Patagonian valleys," according to the report.[15]
Chile is the biggest procer in South America and the largest exporter to the northern hemisphere, with an estimated surface of 6,800 hectares (as of 2007). Introction of the first plants started in the early 1980s and proction started in the late 80s in the southern part of the country. Today proction ranges from Copiapó in the north to Puerto Montt in the south, which allows the country to offer blueberries from October through late March. The main proction area today is the Bio Bio region. Proction has evolved rapidly in the last decade, becoming the 4th most important fruit exported in value terms. Fresh market blueberries are exported mainly to North America (80%) followed by Europe (18%). Information from the Fruit Export Association,[16] Chile exported in 2007 more than 21 thousand MT of fresh blueberries and more than 1,000 MT of frozen proct. Most of the proction comes from the highbush type, but several rabbiteye blueberries are grown in the country as well. Information taken from the Chilean Fruit Procers Federation[17] and their Blueberry Committee, stands that there are over 800 blueberry procers with surfaces ranging from 50 to 200 hectares.
Growing seasons
Blueberry proction in North America typically starts in mid-May (in Florida) and ends in September, when some fruit is held over in controlled-atmosphere storage in Oregon, Washington, and Canada. (Gaskell, 2006).
Sources give different periods for the growing season in the southern hemisphere. According to the University of California Extension Service, Chile, New Zealand and Argentina begin harvesting in the winter and continue till mid-March, when Chilean blueberries are held over in controlled-atmosphere storage for about six weeks. "As a result, blueberries reach annual peak prices in mid-April."(Gaskell, 2006)
In Chile, San Jose Farms, which says (according to its Web site) that it is one of the oldest blueberry procers in the country (it started in the early 1990s), states that its harvest season starts in November and continues through March. (San Jose, n.d.)
In Argentina: "The marketing year (MY) for blueberries begins in September and ends in February," according to a U.S. Department of Agriculture report.[15] Blueberries grow in April & May.
Uses
Blueberries at market.
Blueberries are sold fresh or processed as indivially quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried or infused berries which in turn may be used in a variety of consumer goods such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins, snack foods, and cereals.
Blueberry jam is made from blueberries, sugar, water, and fruit pectin. Premium blueberry jam, usually made from wild blueberries, is common in Maine, Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.
Blueberries have a diverse range of micronutrients, with notably high levels (relative to respective Dietary Reference Intakes) of the essential dietary mineral manganese, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin K and dietary fiber (table).[18] One serving provides a relatively low glycemic load score of 4 out of 100 per day.
Nutrients and phytochemicals
Blueberries, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 60 kcal 240 kJ
Carbohydrates 14.5 g
- Dietary fiber 2.4 g
Fat 0.3 g
Protein 0.7 g
Thiamine (Vit. B1) 0.04 mg 3%
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.04 mg 3%
Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.42 mg 3%
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.1 mg 2%
Vitamin B6 0.1 mg 8%
Vitamin C 10 mg 17%
Vitamin E 0.6 mg 4%
Calcium 6 mg 1%
Iron 0.3 mg 2%
Magnesium 6 mg 2%
Phosphorus 12 mg 2%
Potassium 77 mg 2%
Zinc 0.2 mg 2%
manganese 0.3 mg 20%
vitamin K 19 mcg 24%
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for alts.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
Especially in wild species, blueberries contain anthocyanins, other antioxidant pigments and various phytochemicals possibly having a role in recing risks of some diseases,[19] including inflammation and certain cancers.[20][21][22]
Potential anti-disease effects
Researchers have shown that blueberry anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, flavonols, and tannins inhibit mechanisms of cancer cell development and inflammation in vitro.[23][24][25][26] Similar to red grape, some blueberry species contain in their skins significant levels of resveratrol,[27] a phytochemical.
Although most studies below were concted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (V. corymbosum), content of polyphenol antioxidants and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (V. angustifolium) exceeds values found in highbush species.[28]
At a 2007 symposium on berry health benefits were reports showing consumption of blueberries (and similar berry fruits including cranberries) may alleviate the cognitive decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of aging.[19]
A chemical isolated from blueberry leaves can block replication of the hepatitis C virus and might help to delay disease spread in infected indivials (it's not a cure, though).[29]
Feeding blueberries to animals lowers brain damage in experimental stroke.[30][31] Research at Rutgers[32] has also shown that blueberries may help prevent urinary tract infections.
Other animal studies found that blueberry consumption lowered cholesterol and total blood lipid levels, possibly affecting symptoms of heart disease.[33] Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered glycosaminoglycans which are vascular cell components affecting control of blood pressure.[34]
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时间：2023-08-23 19:41
blueberry, plant of the large genus Vaccinium, widely distributed shrubs (occasionally small trees) of the family Ericaceae (heath family), usually found on acid soil. They are often confused with the related huckleberry. Blueberries were a favorite food of the Native Americans, who ate them fresh or dried them for winter use. The berries have been an article of commerce since early days. The high-bush blueberry (V. corymbosum) and the low-bush blueberry (V. augustifolium or pennsylvanicum), native to North America from Minnesota eastward, are the species most often cultivated, and a number of varieties are now grown in the East and West. Various species are sometimes called bilberry or whortleberry. The “huckleberry” of florists, sold for greenery, is a West Coast evergreen species, V. ovatum, called box blueberry and kinnikinick. The related cranberry is considered by some botanists to be of the same genus as the blueberries. Blueberries are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Ericales, family Ericaceae.
参考资料：http://www.answers.com/topic/blueberry
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时间：2023-08-23 19:41
A blueberry is a small dark blue fruit that is found in North America. Blueberries are usually cooked before they are eaten.
Blueberries are flowering plants of the genus Vaccinium with dark-blue, -purple or black berries. Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as "blueberries" and are mainly native to North America[1]. They are usually erect but sometimes prostrate shrubs varying in size from 10 cm tall to 4 m tall. In commercial blueberry proction, smaller species are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), and the larger species as "highbush blueberries". The leaves can be either decious or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and from 1–8 cm long and 0.5–3.5 cm broad. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish.
The fruit is a false berry 5–16 mm diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally blue on ripening. They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit from May through June though fruiting times are affected by local conditions such as altitude and latitude.
Origins
The genus Vaccinium has a circumpolar distribution with species in North America, Europe and Asia.
Many commercially sold species whose English common names include "blueberry" are currently classified in section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium and come predominantly from North America. Several other plants of the genus Vaccinium also proce blue berries such as the predominantly European bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), which in many languages has a name that means "blueberry" in English. See the Identification section for more information.
Many North American native species of blueberries are now also commercially grown in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American countries.
Growing seasons
Blueberry proction in North America typically starts in mid-May (in Florida) and ends in September, when some fruit is held over in controlled-atmosphere storage in Oregon, Washington, and Canada. (Gaskell, 2006).
Sources give different periods for the growing season in the southern hemisphere. According to the University of California Extension Service, Chile, New Zealand and Argentina begin harvesting in the winter and continue till mid-March, when Chilean blueberries are held over in controlled-atmosphere storage for about six weeks. "As a result, blueberries reach annual peak prices in mid-April."(Gaskell, 2006)
In Chile, San Jose Farms, which says (according to its Web site) that it is one of the oldest blueberry procers in the country (it started in the early 1990s), states that its harvest season starts in November and continues through March. (San Jose, n.d.)
In Argentina: "The marketing year (MY) for blueberries begins in September and ends in February," according to a U.S. Department of Agriculture report.[15] Blueberries grow in April & May.
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时间：2023-08-23 19:42
物种名称：越桔
拉丁文名：Semen Trigonellae
英文名称：Blueberry
科属分类：杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）越橘属(Vaccinium spp.)
产地分布
全世界分布的越橘属植物可达400余种。蓝莓的名称来源于英文blueberry，意为蓝色的浆果之意。原产和主产于美国又被称为美国蓝莓。
形态特征
蓝莓果实平均重0.5～2.5g，最大重5g，果实色泽美丽、悦目、蓝色并被1层白色果粉，果肉细腻，种子极小，可食率为100%，甜酸适口，且具有香爽宜人的香气，为鲜食佳品。
营养成分
蓝莓果实中除了常规的糖、酸和Vc外，富含VE、VA、VB、SOD、熊果苷、蛋白质、花青苷、食用纤维以及丰富的K、Fe、Zn、Ca等矿质元素。据对从美国引进的14个品种的蓝莓果实分析测定，每百克蓝莓鲜果中花青苷色素含量高达163mg，蛋白质400-700毫克、脂肪500-600毫克、碳水化合物12.3-15.3毫克，维生素A高达81-100国际单位、维生素E 2.7-9.5微克、SOD5.39国际单位，维生素都高于其他水果。微量元素也很高，每克鲜果中钙220-920微克，磷98-274微克，镁114-249微克，锌2.1-4.3微克，铁7.6-30.0微克，锗0.8-1.2微克，铜2.0-3.2微克。
正是由于蓝莓果实中含有丰富的营养成分，属高氨基酸、高锌、高钙、高铁、高铜、高维生素的营养保健果品。它不仅具有良好的营养保健作用，还具有防止脑神经老化、强心、抗癌软化血管、增强人机体免疫等功能。
生长习性
蓝莓的栽培种类有三大类，即高丛蓝莓、矮丛蓝莓和兔眼蓝莓。其中高丛蓝莓又分为北高丛蓝莓、南高丛蓝莓和半高丛蓝莓三类。矮丛蓝莓和半高丛蓝莓适宜在温带寒冷地区种植，北高丛蓝莓和一些半高丛蓝莓适宜在暖温带地区种植，兔眼蓝莓和南高丛蓝莓适宜在*带地区种植。
保健作用
蓝莓能够延缓记忆力衰退和预防心脏病的发生，因此被人们视为超级水果。美国每日健康新闻报道，最近的研究又为超级水果再添美誉，多吃蓝莓或喝蓝莓汁有助预防结肠癌的发生。
研究发现，蓝莓能起到这种作用是因为在蓝莓和其他水果中含有一种叫紫檀芪的自然化合物，这有助于阻止癌症前期对身体造成损害。紫檀芪是一种抗氧化剂和抗炎剂，在蓝莓和黑莓中都存在。
美国俄亥俄州大学发现，吃糙莓浆果的动物发生结肠癌的几率降低了80%，患消化道肿瘤的几率降低了60%；德国调查人员发现每天喝2—3杯苹果汁也能预防结肠癌。但是人们不应该依赖任何一种食物预防结肠癌，一定要平衡膳食，多方面补充富含抗氧化剂的水果和蔬菜。
繁殖培育
蓝莓为灌木，每丛应有结果枝条25-30条，第2年开花结果，但产量较小，第3年有适当的产量，第5年进入丰产期，其寿命50年，平均单株产量3-6公斤，平均单果重2克，一般每亩定植300株左右，平均产量1500-2000公斤。
蓝莓适应性强，喜酸性土壤，一般要求土壤pH值为4.5-5.5；土壤应松软，有机质含量一般为8%-12%，喜湿润，抗旱性差。其主栽品种有高丛蓝莓，株高2米左右，可抵抗-25--30℃的低温，一般每亩定值330株；半高丛蓝莓，株高1.0-1.2米，可抵抗-35--38℃的低温，一般每亩定植330株；矮丛蓝莓，株高0.5米，可抵抗-40℃以上的低温，一般每亩定值的500-800株，适合于寒带栽培。蓝莓育苗技术可采用根蘖繁殖、根条繁殖、扦插繁殖和组织培养繁殖。
引起蓝莓病害的有真菌病害、细菌性病害和线虫等。我国为新引种栽培区，病虫害的发生较少。
蓝莓果实为浆果型，耐贮性较强，在室内l8-26℃常温条件下，采用小包装 (小食品盒)鲜果可保存2周不改变原来风味，如低温保存其保鲜期会更长，气调储藏可达3个月左右。
商业前景
到20世纪80年代末，美国的蓝莓栽培面积已近20万公顷，形成了集蓝莓栽培、果实贮藏加工及市场销售于一体的庞大蓝莓产业。美国的蓝莓生产不仅供应本国，而且外销到加拿大、日本、中国和欧洲等国。蓝莓鲜果在国际市场上售价昂贵，每500克价格为10美元左右，鲜果大量收购价格为每500克4-5美元。目前，全世界有近20个国家和地区开始蓝莓产业化栽培，市场容量大，处于供不应求状态。
我国的蓝莓品种主要来源于美国和日本，现已引进适宜我国南北各地种植的品种100多个，适合在全国各气候条件下栽培。其中矮丛蓝莓适于在我国东北地区种植、北高丛蓝莓和半高丛蓝莓适宜在我国东北以南和长江以北大部分地区种植、南高丛蓝莓和兔眼蓝莓适宜在我国长江以南地区种植。我国蓝莓的种植区域广阔，加上保护地栽培的应用为建立蓝莓的周年生产供应提供了保证。由于蓝莓初登华夏大地，全国种植面积不足1万亩。可以预测：栽培1亩地蓝莓，产量按1500公斤计算，市场最低售价(鲜果)为每公斤20元，每亩可收入3万元，其经济效益十分显著，是苹果、桃等大众品种的20多倍。种植蓝莓必将成为我国一种新兴的快速致富产业。
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