高分求关于宗教的英文文章
发布网友
发布时间：2022-04-23 20:58
共3个回答
热心网友
时间：2023-09-13 21:30
不能帮你写，那会害了你。
帮你找了一篇关于中国佛教的历史做参考。你看完以后自己总结写一下吧。
A History of Chinese Buddhism
Introction
This section of the Gateless Passage is a presentation of the history of Buddhism in China, that by neccesity is interwoven with a general summary of Chinese history. It does not cover other areas of East Asian Buddhism at the moment (such as Tibet, Japan, and Korea), even though they may have had direct interactions with the Chinese. Chinese Buddhism by itself will be a task enough to cover, even when limited ourselves to the period of roughly 1 CE to 1000 CE.
To the right is an outline of the presentation. The history of Buddhism in China is broken down into historical periods following the traditional dynastic periods commonly used by Chinese historians. These periods are each given a treatment discussing the general trends of Chinese civilization as a backdrop.
This presentation is at the moment still under construction. We hope to have a basic outline of the periods of Chinese Buddhist history prepared in the next couple months.
--CP The Early Years (25-317 CE)
It was the period from the dawn of the later Han dynasty (25-220 CE) to the fall of the Western Chin dynasty (265-317 CE) to the Huns that Buddhism was introced into China by immigrants from Persia, Central Asia, and India. During this time, Buddhism was at first considered an insignificant cult practiced by immigrants or a foreign corruption of Taoism, but did finally assert its own independent identity as it drew more attention from native Chinese followers.
Latter Han (25-220 CE)
Three Kindgoms Period (220-265 CE)
Western Chin (265-317 CE)
The Years of Growth (317-5 CE)
After the fall of the Western Chin, the Chinese withdrew South to Nanking and established the Eastern Chin dynasty, which was succeeded by a series of weak governments. The conquered North was occupied and divided between various sinicized peoples, who soon were warring with one another. Hence began the 'North and South Dynasties' period (317-581), which resembles the fuedal periods in Europe and Japan. In the South, the upper classes who devoted their lives to academics and literature began to explore Buddhism, often discovering it through Neo-Taoism. At the same time, Buddhism was adopted and promoted by many of the occupying dynasties in the North, where it eventually would achieve a popularity nearing the status of a state religion. Kumarajiva arrived and established the first Imperial translation bureau in the North, while a well read sangha in the South studiously examined the scriptures and developed the first beginnings of a Chinese Buddhism theology. This period closes with the reunification of China under the Sui dynasty.
Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties (Eastern Chin, Sung, Ch'i, Liang, Ch'en) Eastern Chin (317-420)
The Years of Acceptance (5-907 AD)
During the short-lived Sui dynasty (581-618), the North and South traditions of Buddhism were united. At the end of the Sui and ring the opening years of the Tang dynasty (618-907), a series of Chinese Buddhists emerged to establish the major Chinese sects. Zhiyi's (Chih-i's) teachings would be written down by disciples and become the founding philosophy of the Tiantai school. Jizang (Chi-tsang) would bring the Chinese Madhyamika to its zenith by reviving the Sanlun school. Shan (Shan-tao) would popularize the already established Pure Land school. Shenhui (Shen-hui) emerged claiming Huineng's (Hui-neng's) lineage and established the Southern school of the Chan. Zhiyan (Chih-yen) laid down the groundwork for the Huayen school. Xuanzang (Hsuan-tsang) would return from his pilgramage to India and organize the last, and greatest, of the Chinese translation bureaus. His disciple Kuiji (Kuei-chi) would establish a new Yogacaran sect, the Faxiang school. All of these schools and others would enjoy a period of state religion status under the first couple centuries of the T'ang dynasty. This period closes with the catatrophic persecutions at the hands of reactionary Tang emporers and the collapse of the Tang dynasty.
Decline and Revival (907-present)
After the mortal blows of two extensive persecutions and the general anarchy and warfare at the end of the Tang dynasty and throughout the Five Dynasties period (907-960), Chinese Buddhism would never recover the vitality and creativity it enjoyed at the height of the T'ang dynasty. But the sangha did recover after the unification under the Song dynasty (960-1279). There was, however, a culling and consolidation of the wide array of lineages which existed before the persecutions. The Chan and Pure Land sects would emerge as the two major schools of Chinese Buddhism after the Tang. And these two would share monastic quarters to such an extent that Pure Land would be absorbed into Chan practice
热心网友
时间：2023-09-13 21:31
A religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centered upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality, the cosmos, and human nature, and often codified as prayer, ritual, and religious law. Religion also encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic experience. The term "religion" refers to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction.
In the frame of European religious thought,religions present a common quality, the "hallmark of patriarchal religious thought": the division of the world in two comprehensive domains, one sacred, the other profane. Religion is often described as a communal system for the coherence of belief focusing on a system of thought, unseen being, person, or object, that is considered to be supernatural, sacred, divine, or of the highest truth. Moral codes, practices, values, institutions, tradition, rituals, and scriptures are often traditionally associated with the core belief, and these may have some overlap with concepts in secular philosophy. Religion is also often described as a "way of life" or a Life stance.
The development of religion has taken many forms in various cultures. "Organized religion" generally refers to an organization of people supporting the exercise of some religion with a prescribed set of beliefs, often taking the form of a legal entity (see religion-supporting organization). Other religions believe in personal revelation. "Religion" is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system," but is more socially defined than that of personal convictions.
热心网友
时间：2023-09-13 21:31
What is the religion in China? Traditionally, do the Chinese believe in God? I need to be careful. This is a theological question, but with political sensitivity. Everybody knows that one of the Communist's ideologies ring Chairman Mao period was "religion is poison".
The basic philosophies which formed more or less the traditional Chinese moral system are Ru (Confucius), Fo (Buddhism) and Dao (Daoism, also called Taoism).
These are philosophies, not religion, because they do not point us to worship any specific deity. But the values between parents and children, between husbands and wives, between emperors and citizens, between different hierachies are laid-out. It is the norm that seniority deserves respect. This belief of giving respect to your seniors is very much deep-rooted in the value sytem of the Chinese. That may explain some of the behaviours of the Chinese government.
Fate is another subject that derived from the 3 major streams of philisophies, especially from Taoism. Fate is something mysterious, beyond our control. Our life is somehow guided by fate. The way to deal with it is to come to terms with fate. Another major concept, which comes from the Buddhism, is Yuan Fen (an ordained tie that brings people together, especially couples). This Yuan Fen is a lubricant in all sorts of relationships, be it business or personal. There are so many manufacturers, why do I feel particularly drawn to you? Apart from you have a better offer, Chinese believe, it is Yuan Fen that brought us together.
So, go back to the question. Traditionally, do the Chinese believe in God? My own personal view is yes. Chinese believe in "a" God. We have sayings from the ancient books like "3 feet above there is a God", "the heaven's net is tight, you can't run away with it" (meaning if you have committed a crime, no where you can hide), "you will be punished by what you did, if not today, the time will come". This concept in heaven forms the conscience in our heart which guards our behaviour.
