case class

Case Classes

Scala 支持 case classes 记法。Case Class 就是普通的类, 除了:

默认不可变
可以通过拆分
通过结构相等比较而非通过引用比较
易于实例化和操作

下面是一个 Notification 类型等级的例子, 它由一个抽象的超类 Notification 和三个具体的用 case classes Email, SMS, VoiceRecording 实现的 Notification 类型。

abstract class Notification
case class Email(sourceEmail: String, title: String, body: String) extends Notification
case class SMS(sourceNumber: String, message: String) extends Notification
case class VoiceRecording(contactName: String, link: String) extends Notification

实例化一个 case class 很容易:(注意我们不需要使用 new 关键字)

val emailFromJohn =  "Greetings From John!", "Hello World!")

case classes 的构造函数参数被当作公共值, 可以被直接访问。

val title = emailFromJohn.title
println(title) // 打印 "Greetings From John!"

使用 case classes, 你不能直接改变它们的字段(field)。(除非你在字段前插入 var, 但是并不鼓励这样做)。

emailFromJohn.title = "Goodbye From John!" // 这会导致编译器错误,我们不能将另一个值赋值给一个不可变的字段, 其中所有的 case classes 字段默认都是不可变的。

相反, 你使用 copy 方法来做一份拷贝。如下所示, 你可以替换某些字段:

val editedEmail = emailFromJohn.copy(title = "I am learning Scala!", body = "It's so cool!")
println(emailFromJohn) // prints  From John!,Hello World!)"
println(editedEmail) // prints  am learning Scala,It's so cool!)"

对于每个 case classes, Scala 编译器生成一个实现了结构性相等的 equals 方法和 toString 方法。例如:

val firstSms = SMS("12345", "Hello!")
val secondSms = SMS("12345", "Hello!")
if (firstSms == secondSms) {
  println("They are equal!")
}
println("SMS is: " + firstSms)

它会打印:

They are equal!
SMS is: SMS(12345, Hello!)

使用 case classes, 你可以使用 模式匹配来操作你的数据。这儿有一个函数, 它根据所检索的 Notification 的类型打印不同的信息:

def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
  notification match {
    case Email(email, title, _) => "You got an email from " + email + " with title: " + title
    case SMS(number, message) => "You got an SMS from " + number + "! Message: " + message
    case VoiceRecording(name, link) => "你收到一段来自" + name + "的录音!点击链接 " + link + " 收听它"
  }
}

val someSms = SMS("12345", "Are you there?")
val someVoiceRecoding = VoiceRecoding("Tom", "voicerecoding.org/id/123")

println(showNotification(someSms))
println(showNotification(someVoiceRecoding))

// 打印
/ You got an SMS from 12345! Message: Are you there?
// 你收到一段来自 Tom的语音!点击链接 voicerecording.org/id/123 收听它

下面有一个更复杂的使用 if guards 的例子。使用 if guard, 如果 guard 中的条件返回 false, 那么模式匹配分支会失败。

def showNotificationSpecial(
  notification: Notification, 
  specialEmail: String, 
  specialNumber: String): String = {
    notification match {
      case Email(email, _, _) if email == specialEmail => "你有一封来自特别关注人的邮件!"
      case SMS(number, _) if number == specialNumber => "你有一条来自特别关注人的短信!"
      case other => showNotification(other) // 没有特殊, 代理给我们原来的 showNotification 函数
    }
  }
  
  val SPECIAL_NUMBER = "55555"
  val SPECIAL_EMAIL = 
  val someSms = SMS("12345", "Are you there?")
  val someVoiceRecoding = VoiceRecoding("Tom", "voicerecording.org/id/123")
  val specialEmail =  "Drinks tonight?", "I'm free after 5!")
  val specialSms = SMS("55555", "I'm here! Where are you?")
  
  println(showNotificationSpecial(someSms, SPECIAL_EMAIL, SPECIAL_NUMBER))
  println(showNotificationSpecial(someVoiceRecording, SPECIAL_EMAIL, SPECIAL_NUMBER))
  println(showNotificationSpecial(specialEmail, SPECIAL_EMAIL, SPECIAL_NUMBER))
  println(showNotificationSpecial(specialSms, SPECIAL_EMAIL, SPECIAL_NUMBER))
   
  // 打印: 
  // You got an SMS from 12345! Message: Are you there?
  // you received a Voice Recording from Tom! Click the link to hear it: voicerecording.org/id/123
  // You got an email from special someone!
  // You got an SMS from special someone!

当使用 Scala 编程的时候, 推荐你使用 case classes 来对数据进行建模/分组, 因为它们有助于编更具表达性和可维护性的代码:

不可变性使你无需跟踪变化的时间和地点
按值比较可以让你比较实例, 就像它们是原始值一样, 没有更多的关于类的实例是按值还是按引用进行比较的不确定性
模式匹配简化了分支的逻辑, 这使代码不易出错,代码更可读。

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case class

Case Classes